一、首先运行一个容器

# 基本启动命令
# -e "discovery.type=single-node" \  单节点集群
# -e ES_JAVA_OPTS="-Xms1024m -Xmx1024m" \ 制定运行参数，不然如果机器内存太小，启动后会非常卡顿
# --name 起个别名
docker run -p 9200:9200 -p 9300:9300 --name es7.8 \
-e "discovery.type=single-node" \
-e ES_JAVA_OPTS="-Xms1024m -Xmx1024m" \
-d elasticsearch:7.8.0

二、在容器里copy出配置文件

docker cp es7.8:/usr/share/elasticsearch/config /home/app/elasticsearch

三、删除容器，然后重新运行容器并挂载本地目录

docker run -p 9200:9200 -p 9300:9300 --name es7.8 \
-e "discovery.type=single-node" \
-e ES_JAVA_OPTS="-Xms1024m -Xmx1024m" \
-v /home/app/elasticsearch/plugins:/usr/share/elasticsearch/plugins \
-v /home/app/elasticsearch/data:/usr/share/elasticsearch/data \
-v /home/app/elasticsearch/logs:/usr/share/elasticsearch/logs \
-v /home/app/elasticsearch/config:/usr/share/elasticsearch/config \
-d elasticsearch:7.8.0

⚠️ 注意：以下三个目录需要配置下775权限,否则容器跑不起来

chmod -R 775 /home/app/elasticsearch/data;
chmod -R 775 /home/app/elasticsearch/logs;
chmod -R 775 /home/app/elasticsearch/config;

四、运行好以后查看状态

[root@iZbp12ifz6ke6o7n5vk599Z logs]# curl http://localhost:9200
{
  "name" : "7726e86f18d8",
  "cluster_name" : "docker-cluster",
  "cluster_uuid" : "xc5O24kcSceZsI46AOZuQQ",
  "version" : {
    "number" : "7.8.0",
    "build_flavor" : "default",
    "build_type" : "docker",
    "build_hash" : "757314695644ea9a1dc2fecd26d1a43856725e65",
    "build_date" : "2020-06-14T19:35:50.234439Z",
    "build_snapshot" : false,
    "lucene_version" : "8.5.1",
    "minimum_wire_compatibility_version" : "6.8.0",
    "minimum_index_compatibility_version" : "6.0.0-beta1"
  },
  "tagline" : "You Know, for Search"
}

参考：https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1758451332960611733&wfr=spider&for=pc